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What was previously known as melancholia and is now known as ''clinical depression'', ''major depression'', or simply ''depression'' and commonly referred to as major depressive disorder by many Health care professionals, has a long history, with similar conditions being described at least as far back as classical times. ==Prehistory to medieval periods== In Ancient Greece, disease was thought due to an imbalance in the four basic bodily fluids, or ''humors''. Personality types were similarly thought to be determined by the dominant humor in a particular person. Derived from the Ancient Greek ''melas'', "black", and ''kholé'', "bile", melancholia was described as a distinct disease with particular mental and physical symptoms by Hippocrates in his ''Aphorisms'', where he characterized all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time" as being symptomatic of the ailment.〔Hippocrates, ''Aphorisms'', Section 6.23〕 Aretaeus of Cappadocia later noted that sufferers were "dull or stern; dejected or unreasonably torpid, without any manifest cause". The humoral theory fell out of favor but was revived in Rome by Galen. Melancholia was a far broader concept than today's depression; prominence was given to a clustering of the symptoms of sadness, dejection, and despondency, and often fear, anger, delusions and obsessions were included. Physicians in the Persian and then the Muslim world developed ideas about melancholia during the Islamic Golden Age. Ishaq ibn Imran (d. 908) combined the concepts of melancholia and phrenitis.〔Jacquart D. "The Influence of Arabic Medicine in the Medieval West" in 〕 The 11th century Persian physician Avicenna described melancholia as a depressive type of mood disorder in which the person may become suspicious and develop certain types of phobias. His work, ''The Canon of Medicine'', became the standard of medical thinking in Europe alongside those of Hippocrates and Galen.〔S Safavi-Abbasi, LBC Brasiliense, RK Workman (2007), (The fate of medical knowledge and the neurosciences during the time of Genghis Khan and the Mongolian Empire ), ''Neurosurgical Focus'' 23 (1), E13, p. 3.〕 Moral and spiritual theories also prevailed, and in the Christian environment of medieval Europe, a malaise called ''acedia'' (sloth or absence of caring) was identified, involving low spirits and lethargy typically linked to isolation.〔Merkel, L. (2003) (The History of Psychiatry PGY II Lecture ) (PDF) Website of the University of Virginia Health System. Retrieved on 2008-08-04〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of depression」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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